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The historian Eusebius records a tradition
(Church History I.12), which he himself firmly believes, concerning a
correspondence that took place between Our Lord and the local potentate at
Edessa. Three documents relate to this correspondence:
1. the letter of Abgar to Our Lord;
2. Our Lord's answer;
3. A picture of Our Lord, painted from life.
This legend enjoyed great popularity, both in
the East and in the West, during the Middle Ages: Our Lord's letter was copied
on parchment, marble, and metal, and used as a talisman or an amulet. In the age
of Eusebius the original letters, written in Syriac, were thought to be kept in
the archives of Edessa. At the present day we possess not only a Syriac text,
but an Armenian translation as well, two independent Greek versions, shorter
than the Syriac, and several inscriptions on stone, all of which are discussed
in two articles in the "Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgies"
cols. 88 sq. and 1807 sq. The only two works to be consulted in regard to this
literary problem are the "Ecclesiastical History" of Eusebius, and the "Teaching
of Addaï," which professes to belong to the Apostolic age.
The legend, according to these two works, runs
as follows: Abgar, king of Edessa, afflicted with an incurable sickness, has
heard the fame of the power and miracles of Jesus and writes to Him, praying Him
to come and heal him. Jesus declines, but promises to send a messenger, endowed
with His power, namely Thaddeus (or Addaï), one of the seventy-two Disciples.
The letters of Our Lord and of the king of Edessa vary in the version given in
Eusebius and in that of the "Teaching of Addaï." That which follows is taken
from the Teaching of Addaï," as being less accessible than the History of
Eusebius:
Abgar Ouchama to Jesus, the Good Physician Who
has appeared in the country of Jerusalem, greeting:
I have heard of Thee, and of Thy healing; that
Thou dost not use medicines or roots, but by Thy word openest (the eyes) of the
blind, makest the lame to walk, cleansest the lepers, makest the deaf to hear;
how by Thy word (also) Thou healest (sick) spirits and those who are tormented
with lunatic demons, and how, again, Thou raisest the dead to life. And,
learning the wonders that Thou doest, it was borne in upon me that (of two
things, one): either Thou hast come down from heaven, or else Thou art the Son
of God, who bringest all these things to pass. Wherefore I write to Thee, and
pray that thou wilt come to me, who adore Thee, and heal all the ill that I
suffer, according to the faith I have in Thee. I also learn that the Jews murmur
against Thee, and persecute Thee, that they seek to crucify Thee, and to destroy
Thee. I possess but one small city, but it is beautiful, and large enough for us
two to live in peace.
When Jesus had received the letter, in the house
of the high priest of the Jews, He said to Hannan, the secretary, "Go thou, and
say to thy master, who hath sent thee to Me: 'Happy art thou who hast believed
in Me, not having seen me, for it is written of me that those who shall see me
shall not believe in Me, and that those who shall not see Me shall believe in
Me. As to that which thou hast written, that I should come to thee, (behold) all
that for which I was sent here below is finished, and I ascend again to My
Father who sent Me, and when I shall have ascended to Him I will send thee one
of My disciples, who shall heal all thy sufferings, and shall give (thee) health
again, and shall convert all who are with thee unto life eternal. And thy city
shall be blessed forever, and the enemy shall never overcome it.'" According to
Eusebius, it was not Hannan who wrote answer, but Our Lord Himself.
A curious legendary growth has sprung up from
this imaginary occurrence. The nature of Abgar's sickness has been gravely
discussed, to the credit of various writers' imaginations, some holding that it
was gout, others leprosy; the former saying that it had lasted seven years, the
latter discovering that the sufferer had contracted his disease during a stay in
Persia. Other chroniclers, again, maintain that the letter was written on
parchment, though some favour papyrus. The crucial passage in Our Lord's letter,
however, is that which promises the city of Edessa victory over all enemies. It
gave the little town a popularity which vanished on the day that it fell into
the hands of conquerors. It was a rude shock to those who believed the legend;
they were more ready to attribute the fall of the city to God's anger against
the inhabitants than to admit the failure of a safeguard which was no less
trusted to at that time than in the past.
The fact related in the correspondence has long
since ceased to be of any historical value. The text is borrowed in two places
from that of the Gospel, which of itself is sufficient to disprove the
authenticity of the letter. Moreover, the quotations are made not from the
Gospels proper, but from the famous concordance of Tatian, compiled in the
second century, and known as the "Diatessaron", thus fixing the date of the
legend as approximately the middle of the third century. In addition, however,
to the importance which it attained in the apocryphal cycle, the correspondence
of King Abgar also gained a place in liturgy. The decree, "De libris non
recipiendis", of the pseudo-Gelasius, places the letter among the apocrypha,
which may, possibly, be an allusion to its having been interpolated among the
officially sanctioned lessons of the liturgy. The Syrian liturgies commemorate
the correspondence of Abgar during Lent. The Celtic liturgy appears to have
attached importance to the legend; the "Liber Hymnorum", a manuscript preserved
at Trinity College, Dublin (E. 4, 2), gives two collects on the lines of the
letter to Abgar. Nor is it by any means impossible that this letter, followed by
various prayers, may have formed a minor liturgical office in certain churches.
The account given by Adda contains a detail
which may here be briefly referred to. Hannan, who wrote at Our Lord's
dictation, was archivist at Edessa and painter to King Abgar. He had been
charged to paint a portrait of Our Lord, a task which he carried out, bringing
back with him to Edessa a picture which came an object of general veneration,
but which, after a while, was said to have been painted by Our Lord Himself.
Like the letter, the portrait was destined to be the nucleus of a legendary
growth; the "Holy Face of Edessa" was chiefly famous in the Byzantine world. A
bare indication, however, of this fact must suffice here, since the legend of
the Edessa portrait forms part of the extremely difficult and obscure subject of
the iconography of Christ, and of the pictures of miraculous origin called
acheiropoietoe ("made without hands"). |
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